• Identification of handcuffs.
• Loading of Handcuffs.
• Powers of arrest.
• Applying Handcuffs.
• Types of positions.
• Handcuff - Passive.
• Handcuff - Active.
• Positional Asphyxia.
• Excited Delirium

• Understand the primary reason for handcuffing.
• Understand the law, including compliance with: Section 3 (1) of the Criminal Law Act 1967, Common Law, Section 117 PACE and Articles 5, 3 and 2 of the Human Rights Act 1998.
• Understand the medical implications of handcuffing, including positional asphyxia.
• Demonstrate how to apply handcuffs to a passive subject.
• Demonstrate how to apply handcuffs to an aggressive subject.
• Positional Asphyxia.
• Demonstrate how to remove handcuffs correctly.

1. Safety of the public
2. Your own safety
3. The suspects safety

• To prevent a violent offender from assaulting or injuring you or a member of the public.
• When you judge it necessary to prevent the offender’s escape from the scene.
• During the transportation of the offender either by vehicle or during restrained escorting duties.
• As a prevention tactic to stop the offender from harming themselves, you or members of the public.

• The offender is likely to commit an act of violence against the arresting officer/s or bystanders.
• There are reasonable grounds to suspect that the offender is likely to escape custody.

The term 'Reasonable Grounds' is defined by the circumstances of individual cases applied as an objective rule based on the decision that the offender is likely to commit an act of violence or will attempt to escape.In the case of juveniles, women or the elderly the consideration of reasonable grounds and exceptional circumstances should be carefully applied.

• A person may use such force as is reasonable in the circumstances in prevention of a crime, or in effecting or assisting in the lawful arrest of offenders or suspected offenders or of persons unlawfully at large.

• As an act of self defence
• To save a life
• Lawful arrest is the only option
• The prevention of a crime or further criminal acts
• Preventing an intended Breach of the Peace

• Force used in any confrontation MUST be seen as REASONABLE based on the likelihood of the suspect's resistance.
• Other options to calm the situation have failed.
• When a potentially volatile situation provides no further option.